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my current OS (Windows 2000) and Ubuntu 12.04
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It might be a good idea to post some hardware info on the computer. If it is an older computer with limited RAM you might have trouble with the latest version of Ubuntu. According to the Ubuntu site, the minimum required is 512MB and the recommended amount is 1GB.
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"No root file system is defined. Please correct this from the partitioning menu".
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You didn't set a mount point in the previous window. Are you selecting the "Something Else" option on the "Installation Type" page? That would be the best option in your case as you will get more control.
In the "Allocate Drive Space" window, select a partition on the drive you want to use by clicking it to highlight it then click the Edit tab in the center/bottom of the window. If you don't have a partition but have free space, click on free space to highlight it then click the Add tab. In either case you will get a new window which will allow you to set the partition size in megabytes, select the filesystem type in the Use as drop down menu (ext4), click the check box to format the partition (deletes all data on that partition), and last select a Mount point. That should be root which will be symbolized by the forward slash ( / ) and should be the first option when you click the down arrow to the far right of Mount point. This is what you apparently missed during your install to get that error.
You do not need a boot partition. It is simpler for a new user not to although there are valid reasons to use one. It just complicates things if you are just learning.
Creating a swap partition on the second drive is probably a good idea. It is not always necessary and depends upon the amount of RAM you have. I would suggest creating a 1-2GB swap partition. Use the same method as described above to create the root partition.
Your "Allocate Drive Space" window should show your windows on sda which should be the first drive and should show the 80GB secondary drive as sdb. In the Device for bootloader installation drop down menu, if /dev/sdb is set and that is your 80GB drive where you want Ubuntu, leave it and the Grub bootloader will be installed to the master boot record of that drive. You can then select that drive on boot in the BIOS to boot Ubuntu. You should also have an option on the Ubuntu Grub boot menu to select windows 2k.
If you want to do something else, just repost the info.