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Well KDE is based off of QT3 and gnome is based off of GTK+, if memory serves correctly. I've only done a few small GUI programs with QT3 and AWT/Swing (Java). I've been hearing a lot about Mono lately but haven't looked into the details. As far as I understand Mono is the "equivalent" of C# on Lose32. But I don't know C# either because I've never written/compiled any code on a Windows machine my entire life.
As they said above, GTK is the basis of The Gnome Desktop and QT is the basis of KDE.
These days you can pretty much assume most linux desktops are going to have both GTK+2.x and QT 3.x installed.
Motif and Lesstif are still in use as well.
xlib is always an option on any X11 System (albeit a VERY painful one).
I personally use QT. It is written in C++ (though there are bindings for python, C, ect.) and has a very elegant setup. If you use the QT wrapper libs for all system level access you can also easily port your app to Mac and Windows.
Personally I prefer GTK+, it's easy to use and has a well documented API. I chose GTK over Qt because some smaller distros have GTK but no Qt. I use my laptop a lot, which doesn't have Qt, but it does have GTK. I also have no plans to install Qt in the near future.
I prefer Gtk2 (currently 2.6.2), it is written in c, and also loosely linked with c++(gtkmm), C#(gtk#).
currently, imho, QT in embedded market is strong, but sooner or later, gtk gonna fill the lack.
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