fortran
matlab
are the two top choices as they are by far the most general. If you go to
www.sourceforge.net you will find modeling tools that are specific to certain types of problems. It has a search engine associated with the site.
Basically, unix tools are built with this idea: do only one thing, do it well.
Jack-of-all-trade products like Maple and Mathematica (matlab kind of fits here) are not very common in the unix world.