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Old 11-08-2016, 06:57 AM   #1
Ouafa
LQ Newbie
 
Registered: Jun 2015
Posts: 3

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Simulate dtn for satellite GEO ns2


I work on a simulation of a GEO satellite and a terminal that communicates with each other by the dtn routing, by the simulator ns2.
I added in the first the Bundle agent when I add it to the satellite terminal, it shows me error.
if you have suggestions or proposals for this simulation I will be grateful.

set bundle1 [new Agent/Bundle]; #n1: $ns node-config -satNodeType terminal
$ns attach-agent $n1 $bundle1
 
Old 11-08-2016, 11:29 AM   #2
TB0ne
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Ouafa View Post
I work on a simulation of a GEO satellite and a terminal that communicates with each other by the dtn routing, by the simulator ns2.
I added in the first the Bundle agent when I add it to the satellite terminal, it shows me error.
if you have suggestions or proposals for this simulation I will be grateful.

set bundle1 [new Agent/Bundle]; #n1: $ns node-config -satNodeType terminal
$ns attach-agent $n1 $bundle1
Read the "Question Guidelines" and "How to ask a smart question" links in my posting signature. You provide no details that would let anyone be able to even GUESS as to how to help you. You don't tell us what version/distro of Linux, version of NS2, post your script/code, or even tell us what the error IS. We can't guess...post details, and we can try to help.
 
Old 11-08-2016, 12:14 PM   #3
Ouafa
LQ Newbie
 
Registered: Jun 2015
Posts: 3

Original Poster
Rep: Reputation: Disabled
Unhappy More details

sorry this is the first time I use this forum.
for ns2: I use ns-2.35
for dtn: I use DTN code for ns-2.35 in the following website: https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/tutkimus/dtn/ns/
for the script is that the:

global ns
set ns [new Simulator -multicast on]
$ns multicast

Agent/Bundle set helloInterval_ 100 ; # [ms]
Agent/Bundle set retxTimeout_ 1000.0 ; # [s]
Agent/Bundle set deleteForwarded_ 0 ; # Do not delete forwarded bundles when epidemic routing is used
Agent/Bundle set cqsize_ 0
Agent/Bundle set retxqsize_ 0
Agent/Bundle set qsize_ 0
Agent/Bundle set ifqCongestionDuration_ 0
Agent/Bundle set sentBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set receivedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateReceivedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set deletedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set forwardedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set sentReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set receivedReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateReceivedReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set forwardedReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avBundleDelay_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avReceiptDelay_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avBundleHopCount_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avReceiptHopCount_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avLinkLifetime_ 0
Agent/Bundle set CVRR_ 1000.0
Agent/Bundle set limitRR_ 1.0
Agent/Bundle set avNumNeighbors_ 0
Agent/Bundle set antiPacket_ 1
Agent/Bundle set routingProtocol_ 1
Agent/Bundle set initialSpray_ 16
Agent/Bundle set dropStrategy_ 0 ; # Drop tail
Agent/Bundle set bundleStorageSize_ 100000000 ; # Bytes
Agent/Bundle set congestionControl_ 0
Agent/Bundle set bundleStorageThreshold_ 0.8


global opt
set opt(chan) Channel/Sat
set opt(bw_down) 1.5Mb; # Downlink bandwidth (satellite to ground)
set opt(bw_up) 1.5Mb; # Uplink bandwidth
set opt(bw_isl) 25Mb
set opt(phy) Phy/Sat
set opt(mac) Mac/Sat
set opt(ifq) Queue/DropTail
set opt(qlim) 50
set opt(ll) LL/Sat
set opt(wiredRouting) OFF

set outfile [open satgeo.tr w]
$ns trace-all $outfile
set namtracefd [open satgeo.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namtracefd 1000 1000

###########################################################################
# Set up satellite and terrestrial nodes #
###########################################################################
$ns node-config -satNodeType geo-repeater /bs
-phyType Phy/Repeater /bs
-channelType $opt(chan) /bs
-downlinkBW $opt(bw_down) /bs
-wiredRouting $opt(wiredRouting)
set n0 [$ns node]
$n0 set-position 100

##########################################################################
# Terminals: Let's put two within the US, two around the prime meridian #
##########################################################################
$ns node-config -satNodeType terminal /bs
set n1 [$ns node]; set n2 [$ns node]
$n1 set-position 50 100
$n2 set-position -50 100

###########################################################################
# Set up links #
###########################################################################
# GSLs to the geo satellite:
$n1 add-gsl geo $opt(ll) $opt(ifq) $opt(qlim) $opt(mac) $opt(bw_up) \
$opt(phy) [$n0 set downlink_] [$n0 set uplink_]
$n2 add-gsl geo $opt(ll) $opt(ifq) $opt(qlim) $opt(mac) $opt(bw_up) \
$opt(phy) [$n0 set downlink_] [$n0 set uplink_]


proc print-queue-stats {} {
global ns_ bundle_ val qtrace node_
for {set i 0} {$i < 3 } {incr i} {
puts $qtrace "[format "%.1f" [$ns now]] [$bundle$i set cqsize_] [$bundle$i set retxqsize_] [$bundle$i set qsize_] [format "%.4f" [$bundle$i set ifqCongestionDuration_]] $i [format "%.4f" [$n$i energy]]."
}
$ns_ at [expr [$ns_ now] + 1.0] "print-queue-stats"
}

proc print-average-stats {} {
global ns_ bundle_ val
set delaysum 0
set sent 0
set received 0
set receipt_delaysum 0
set sent_receipts 0
set received_receipts 0
set bundlehopcountsum 0
set receipthopcountsum 0
for {set i 0} {$i < 3 } {incr i} {
set delaysum [expr $delaysum + [$bundle$i set avBundleDelay_]*[$bundle$i set receivedBundles_]]
set sent [expr $sent + [$bundle$i set sentBundles_]]
set received [expr $received + [$bundle$i set receivedBundles_]]
set receipt_delaysum [expr $receipt_delaysum + [$bundle$i set avReceiptDelay_]*[$bundle$i set receivedReceipts_]]
set sent_receipts [expr $sent_receipts + [$bundle$i set sentReceipts_]]
set received_receipts [expr $received_receipts + [$bundle$i set receivedReceipts_]]
set bundlehopcountsum [expr $bundlehopcountsum + [$bundle$i set avBundleHopCount_]*[$bundle$i set receivedBundles_]]
set receipthopcountsum [expr $receipthopcountsum + [$bundle$i set avReceiptHopCount_]*[$bundle$i set receivedReceipts_]]
}
puts "Bundle end-to-end delay at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $delaysum/$received.0]]."
puts "Bundle delivery ratio at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $received/$sent.0]] ($received/$sent)."
puts "Bundle hop count at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $bundlehopcountsum/$received.0]]."
puts "Receipt end-to-end delay at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $receipt_delaysum/$received_receipts.0]]."
puts "Receipt delivery ratio at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $received_receipts/$sent_receipts.0]] ($received_receipts/$sent_receipts)."
puts "Receipt hop count at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $receipthopcountsum/$received_receipts.0]]."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc print-stats {time} {
$self instvar n cqsize_ retxqsize_ qsize_ sentBundles_ receivedBundles_ duplicateReceivedBundles_ duplicateBundles_ deletedBundles_ forwardedBundles_\
sentReceipts_ receivedReceipts_ duplicateReceivedReceipts_ duplicateReceipts_ forwardedReceipts_ avBundleDelay_ avReceiptDelay_ avBundleHopCount_ avReceiptHopCount_
puts "Node [$n id] stats at t = $time: $cqsize_ $retxqsize_ $qsize_ $sentBundles_ $receivedBundles_ $duplicateReceivedBundles_ $duplicateBundles_ $deletedBundles_ $forwardedBundles_\
$sentReceipts_ $receivedReceipts_ $duplicateReceivedReceipts_ $duplicateReceipts_ $forwardedReceipts_ [format "%.6f" $avBundleDelay_] [format "%.6f" $avReceiptDelay_]\
[format "%.6f" $avBundleHopCount_] [format "%.6f" $avReceiptHopCount_]."
}

# Define a 'recv' function for the class 'Agent/Bundle'
Agent/Bundle instproc recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
puts "Destination [$n id] received bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc retx_recv {nretx source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n retxTimeout_
puts "Destination [$n id] received retxbundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
#puts "Node [$n id] received bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc duplicate_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
#puts "Destination [$n id] received duplicate bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New bundle deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc duplicate_mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
#puts "Node [$n id] received duplicate bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New bundle deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
puts "Source [$n id] received receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n_
#puts "Node [$n id] received receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_duplicate_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
#puts "Source [$n id] received duplicate receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New receipt deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_duplicate_mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
$self instvar n
#puts "Node [$n id] received duplicate receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New receipt deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc hello_recv {from time} {
$self instvar n
#puts "Node [$n id] received hello from node $from at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ack_recv {from time} {
$self instvar n_
#puts "Node [$n id] received custody ack from node $from at t = $time."
}

###########################################################################
# Tracing #
###########################################################################
$ns trace-all-satlinks $outfile

###########################################################################
# Attach agents #
###########################################################################
set bundle0 [new Agent/Bundle]; #$ns node-config -satNodeType geo-repeater
$ns attach-agent $n0 $bundle0

set bundle1 [new Agent/Bundle]; #$ns node-config -satNodeType terminal
$ns attach-agent $n1 $bundle1

set bundle2 [new Agent/Bundle]; #$ns node-config -satNodeType terminal
$ns attach-agent $n2 $bundle2

$ns connect $bundle0 $bundle1
$ns connect $bundle1 $bundle2

###########################################################################
# Satellite routing #
###########################################################################
set satrouteobject_ [new SatRouteObject]
#$satrouteobject_ compute_routes
$satrouteobject_ set wiredRouting_ off

$ns at 1.0 "$bundle1 start"
$ns at 9000.0 "finish"

proc finish {} {
global ns outfile namtracefd
$ns flush-trace
close $outfile
close $namtracefd

exit 0
}

$ns run

I'm still a beginner on ns2
 
Old 11-08-2016, 01:24 PM   #4
TB0ne
LQ Guru
 
Registered: Jul 2003
Location: Birmingham, Alabama
Distribution: SuSE, RedHat, Slack,CentOS
Posts: 26,753

Rep: Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983Reputation: 7983
Quote:
Originally Posted by Ouafa View Post
sorry this is the first time I use this forum.
It's not just this forum..it's anything, anyWHERE that you need to provide details about, when asking a question.
Quote:
for ns2: I use ns-2.35
for dtn: I use DTN code for ns-2.35 in the following website: https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/tutkimus/dtn/ns/
for the script is that the:
Code:
global ns
set ns [new Simulator -multicast on]
$ns multicast

Agent/Bundle set helloInterval_ 100  ; # [ms]
Agent/Bundle set retxTimeout_ 1000.0 ; # [s]
Agent/Bundle set deleteForwarded_ 0  ; # Do not delete forwarded bundles when epidemic routing is used
Agent/Bundle set cqsize_ 0
Agent/Bundle set retxqsize_ 0
Agent/Bundle set qsize_ 0
Agent/Bundle set ifqCongestionDuration_ 0
Agent/Bundle set sentBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set receivedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateReceivedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set deletedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set forwardedBundles_ 0
Agent/Bundle set sentReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set receivedReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateReceivedReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set duplicateReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set forwardedReceipts_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avBundleDelay_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avReceiptDelay_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avBundleHopCount_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avReceiptHopCount_ 0
Agent/Bundle set avLinkLifetime_ 0
Agent/Bundle set CVRR_ 1000.0
Agent/Bundle set limitRR_ 1.0
Agent/Bundle set avNumNeighbors_ 0
Agent/Bundle set antiPacket_ 1
Agent/Bundle set routingProtocol_ 1
Agent/Bundle set initialSpray_ 16
Agent/Bundle set dropStrategy_ 0            ; # Drop tail
Agent/Bundle set bundleStorageSize_ 100000000 ; # Bytes
Agent/Bundle set congestionControl_ 0
Agent/Bundle set bundleStorageThreshold_ 0.8


global opt
set opt(chan)           Channel/Sat
set opt(bw_down)	1.5Mb; # Downlink bandwidth (satellite to ground)
set opt(bw_up)		1.5Mb; # Uplink bandwidth
set opt(bw_isl)		25Mb
set opt(phy)            Phy/Sat
set opt(mac)            Mac/Sat
set opt(ifq)            Queue/DropTail
set opt(qlim)		50
set opt(ll)             LL/Sat
set opt(wiredRouting)	OFF

set outfile [open satgeo.tr w]
$ns trace-all $outfile
set namtracefd [open satgeo.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namtracefd 1000 1000

###########################################################################
# Set up satellite and terrestrial nodes                                  #
###########################################################################
$ns node-config -satNodeType geo-repeater /bs 
                -phyType Phy/Repeater /bs
		-channelType $opt(chan) /bs
		-downlinkBW $opt(bw_down) /bs
		-wiredRouting $opt(wiredRouting) 
set n0 [$ns node]
$n0 set-position 100

##########################################################################
# Terminals:  Let's put two within the US, two around the prime meridian #
##########################################################################
$ns node-config -satNodeType terminal /bs
set n1 [$ns node]; set n2 [$ns node]
$n1 set-position 50 100
$n2 set-position -50 100

###########################################################################
# Set up links                                                            #
###########################################################################
# GSLs to the geo satellite:
$n1 add-gsl geo $opt(ll) $opt(ifq) $opt(qlim) $opt(mac) $opt(bw_up) \
  $opt(phy) [$n0 set downlink_] [$n0 set uplink_]
$n2 add-gsl geo $opt(ll) $opt(ifq) $opt(qlim) $opt(mac) $opt(bw_up) \
  $opt(phy) [$n0 set downlink_] [$n0 set uplink_]


proc print-queue-stats {} {
    global ns_ bundle_ val qtrace node_
    for {set i 0} {$i < 3 } {incr i} {
	puts $qtrace "[format "%.1f" [$ns now]] [$bundle$i set cqsize_] [$bundle$i set retxqsize_] [$bundle$i set qsize_] [format "%.4f" [$bundle$i set ifqCongestionDuration_]] $i [format "%.4f" [$n$i energy]]." 
    }
    $ns_ at [expr [$ns_ now] + 1.0] "print-queue-stats"
}

proc print-average-stats {} {
    global ns_ bundle_ val
    set delaysum 0
    set sent 0
    set received 0
    set receipt_delaysum 0
    set sent_receipts 0
    set received_receipts 0
    set bundlehopcountsum 0
    set receipthopcountsum 0
    for {set i 0} {$i < 3 } {incr i} {
	set delaysum [expr $delaysum + [$bundle$i set avBundleDelay_]*[$bundle$i set receivedBundles_]]
	set sent [expr $sent + [$bundle$i set sentBundles_]]
	set received [expr $received + [$bundle$i set receivedBundles_]]
	set receipt_delaysum [expr $receipt_delaysum + [$bundle$i set avReceiptDelay_]*[$bundle$i set receivedReceipts_]]
	set sent_receipts [expr $sent_receipts + [$bundle$i set sentReceipts_]]
	set received_receipts [expr $received_receipts + [$bundle$i set receivedReceipts_]]
	set bundlehopcountsum [expr $bundlehopcountsum + [$bundle$i set avBundleHopCount_]*[$bundle$i set receivedBundles_]]
	set receipthopcountsum [expr $receipthopcountsum + [$bundle$i set avReceiptHopCount_]*[$bundle$i set receivedReceipts_]]
    }
    puts "Bundle end-to-end delay at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $delaysum/$received.0]]."
    puts "Bundle delivery ratio at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $received/$sent.0]] ($received/$sent)."
    puts "Bundle hop count at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $bundlehopcountsum/$received.0]]."
    puts "Receipt end-to-end delay at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $receipt_delaysum/$received_receipts.0]]."
    puts "Receipt delivery ratio at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $received_receipts/$sent_receipts.0]] ($received_receipts/$sent_receipts)."
    puts "Receipt hop count at t = [format "%.6f" [$ns now]]: [format "%.6f" [expr $receipthopcountsum/$received_receipts.0]]."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc print-stats {time} {
    $self instvar n cqsize_ retxqsize_ qsize_ sentBundles_ receivedBundles_ duplicateReceivedBundles_ duplicateBundles_ deletedBundles_ forwardedBundles_\
	sentReceipts_ receivedReceipts_ duplicateReceivedReceipts_ duplicateReceipts_ forwardedReceipts_ avBundleDelay_ avReceiptDelay_ avBundleHopCount_ avReceiptHopCount_
    puts "Node [$n id] stats at t = $time: $cqsize_ $retxqsize_ $qsize_ $sentBundles_ $receivedBundles_ $duplicateReceivedBundles_ $duplicateBundles_ $deletedBundles_ $forwardedBundles_\
	$sentReceipts_ $receivedReceipts_ $duplicateReceivedReceipts_ $duplicateReceipts_ $forwardedReceipts_ [format "%.6f" $avBundleDelay_] [format "%.6f" $avReceiptDelay_]\
        [format "%.6f" $avBundleHopCount_] [format "%.6f" $avReceiptHopCount_]."
}

# Define a 'recv' function for the class 'Agent/Bundle'
Agent/Bundle instproc recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    puts "Destination [$n id] received bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc retx_recv {nretx source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n retxTimeout_
    puts "Destination [$n id] received retxbundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    #puts "Node [$n id] received bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc duplicate_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    #puts "Destination [$n id] received duplicate bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New bundle deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc duplicate_mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    #puts "Node [$n id] received duplicate bundle, source: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New bundle deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    puts "Source [$n id] received receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n_
    #puts "Node [$n id] received receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_duplicate_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    #puts "Source [$n id] received duplicate receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New receipt deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ret_duplicate_mid_recv {source from delay hc time} {
    $self instvar n
    #puts "Node [$n id] received duplicate receipt, destination: $source, from: $from, delay: $delay ms, hop count: $hc, at t = $time. New receipt deleted."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc hello_recv {from time} {
    $self instvar n
    #puts "Node [$n id] received hello from node $from at t = $time."
}

Agent/Bundle instproc ack_recv {from time} {
    $self instvar n_
    #puts "Node [$n id] received custody ack from node $from at t = $time."
}

###########################################################################
# Tracing                                                                 #
###########################################################################
$ns trace-all-satlinks $outfile

###########################################################################
# Attach agents                                                           #
###########################################################################
set bundle0 [new Agent/Bundle]; #$ns node-config -satNodeType geo-repeater 
$ns attach-agent $n0 $bundle0

set bundle1 [new Agent/Bundle]; #$ns node-config -satNodeType terminal 
$ns attach-agent $n1 $bundle1

set bundle2 [new Agent/Bundle]; #$ns node-config -satNodeType terminal 
$ns attach-agent $n2 $bundle2

$ns connect $bundle0 $bundle1
$ns connect $bundle1 $bundle2

###########################################################################
# Satellite routing                                                       #
###########################################################################
set satrouteobject_ [new SatRouteObject]
#$satrouteobject_ compute_routes
$satrouteobject_ set wiredRouting_ off

$ns at 1.0 "$bundle1 start"
$ns at 9000.0 "finish"

proc finish {} {
	global ns outfile namtracefd
	$ns flush-trace
	close $outfile
	close $namtracefd

	exit 0
}

$ns run
Ok...so again, what version/distro of Linux, and WHAT IS THE ERROR MESSAGE????
 
Old 11-08-2016, 01:48 PM   #5
Ouafa
LQ Newbie
 
Registered: Jun 2015
Posts: 3

Original Poster
Rep: Reputation: Disabled
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=14.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=trusty
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS"

Error message:
$ ns wired-test.tcl
Erreur de segmentation (core dumped)
 
  


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