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Old 01-09-2023, 12:22 AM   #1
DracoSentien
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Post Systemd etc...: Embrace, Extend, Extinguish


Quote:
Systemd supremo Lennart Poettering leaves Red Hat for Microsoft

...

This has caused much merriment in comment threads on sites such as Phoronix, Hacker News, and Slashdot, from "Welcome home, Agent Poettering!" to "Good work!" to various quips about future combined Linux-plus-Windows operating systems.

...
https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/...hat_microsoft/

Quote:
Update 2022-10-31: Things are not getting better, unsurprisingly. With Microsoft now at the leading role of the development of systemd and their brave new trusted boot world, combined with their takeover of so much open source infrastructure, this is slowly turning into the silent "revolution" of the Linux world that no one ever wanted! It's seriously time to get back into community-driven development.


Introduction

Personally I didn't have a problem with systemd in the beginning, when it was mostly just a new init system. However, my problem with systemd today is that it has turned into a kind of Trojan horse. It is an attempt by Red Hat to change the world of Linux in order to better serve their corporate interests.

While the Linux kernel, the GNU tools and the different major independent Linus distributions all started out as community driven projects, most of the current development in Linux world is motivated by corporate interests, driven by developers sitting in different key positions in different companies, such as Red Hat, Google, Facebook and several others.

Red Hat first disguised their plans by calling systemd an alternative init system. Then the truth was revealed and systemd became "a suite of software that provides fundamental building blocks for a Linux operating system." Red Hat then launched a massive campaign in order to influence all the other major Linux distributions and pressured them to adopt systemd. The effort and work they did seemed rather desperate actually.

The systemd developers addressed several third party projects and tried to convince them to make their projects depend upon systemd, such as the attempts made by Lennart Poettering on the Gnome mailing list, and the attempt made by Red Hat developer "keszybz" on the tmux project. Most of these attempts were disguised as technical issues, however when one read the long email correspondence on the Gnome mailing list and elsewhere, the real intent becomes quite clear.

Other tactics deployed by Red Hat was to hire developers from GNOME and other Linux distributions, such as Debian, and then have these people promote systemd.

The latest invention by Lennart Poettering called systemd-homed is presented as a new way to handle home directories, whereas it really just is a way to get one step closer to eliminating /etc, which is something Red Hat has dreamed about for a long time.

Watch the FOSSDEM 2020 video where Poettering presents systemd-homed and notice how he criticizes the way full disk encryption is handled from the point of view that Linux is a multi-user system, yet at the same time he rejects at least five different challenges systemd-homed presents as irrelevant because, well, the laptop is really only used by one single person.

The fact is that the main development in Linux world, even in the kernel, has been almost completely hijacked by major companies. It is no longer mainly community driven development. Linux has become really big bucks for many corporations and they really want to control as much of the development as possible.

One of the results of all of this has been a huge uproar in the open source Linux community in which Debian Developer Joey Hess, Debian Technical Committee members Russ Allbery and Ian Jackson, and systemd package-maintainer Tollef Fog Heen resigned from their positions. All four justified their decision on the public Debian mailing list and in personal blogs with their exposure to extraordinary stress-levels related to ongoing disputes on systemd integration within the Debian and open source community that rendered regular maintenance virtually impossible.

In December 2014 a group calling themselves the "Veteran Unix Admins" announced a fork of Debian called Devuan that intends to provide a Debian variant without systemd. Devuan 1.0.0 was released on May 26, 2017.

We believe this situation is also the result of a longer process leading to the take-over of Debian by the GNOME project agenda. Considering how far this has propagated today and the importance of Debian as a universal OS and base system in the distribution panorama, what is at stake is the future of GNU/Linux in a scenario of complete homogeneization and lock-in of all base distributions.
Let's take a look at some indisputable facts.

Fact 1: systemd is from Red Hat

Lennart Poettering and Kay Sievers who started the systemd project in 2010 are both Red Hat employees. Initially systemd was released as a new init system, but it has slowly grown into what Poettering describes as "a suite of software that provides fundamental building blocks for a Linux operating system." This is by design, not by coincidence.

The official reason for the development of systemd was described as:

They wanted to improve the software framework for expressing dependencies, to allow more processing to be done concurrently or in parallel during system booting, and to reduce the computational overhead of the shell.

Fact 2: The primary reason for developing systemd is Red Hat's business interests in embedded devices
Red Hats primary business is in embedded devices, and the primary concerns addressed by systemd by design is embedded devices, such as the work towards removing /etc.

In an interview with Red Had CEO Jim Whitehurst he states:

We partner with the largest embedded vendors in the world, particularly in the telecom and automotive industries where stability and reliability is the number one concern. They easily adapted to systemd.
Mentor Automotive has released their slides from a 2015 event In these slides the many benefits provided by systemd to the embedded automotive market is fairly well explained. The reason why they "easily adapted to systemd" is because systemd is specifically designed to suit their needs.

The U.S. Military has been Red Hats biggest customer since 2002 and they have been a major source of motivation behind many of Red Hats decisions.

In 2012 Lennart Poettering changed the systemd license from GPL to LGPL in order to better suit the embedded market.

Fact 3: No, it's not a myth, systemd is truly a huge monolith
In his blog post "The Biggest Myths", from January 2013, Lennart Poettering argue against calling systemd a "monolith", which is what many people consider it to be. Lennart says:

A package involving 69 individual binaries can hardly be called monolithic. What is different from prior solutions however, is that we ship more components in a single tarball, and maintain them upstream in a single repository with a unified release cycle.
The fact is however, that many of these so-called individual binaries has functionality that simply will not work without other systemd components. If we take a look at the man page for systemd-networkd it clearly states that if you set the option UseDNS as true the DNS servers received from the DHCP server will be used and take precedence over any statically configured ones. This corresponds to the nameserver option in /etc/resolv.conf. What the man page neglects to mention is that this setting (and multiple other settings) does not work without systemd-resolved. Other components of systemd are even more tightly integrated.

Fact 4: Privacy concerns

systemd-resolved has hard coded fallback DNS servers for Cloudflare, Quad9 and Google. Even if you turn these off, a bug might cause these to be used anyway (which actually happened at one point).

Fact 5: Red Hat wants to become the next Microsoft Windows
This is another major motivation at Red Hat and this is illustrated by Lennart Poetterings slides from FUDCON + GNOME.Asia Beijing 2014. Go to page 15 and scroll slowly forward to page 19. Eventually you end up with the project objectives:

Turn Linux from a bag of bits into a competitive General Purpose Operating System.
Build the Internet's Next Generation OS.
Unifying pointless differences between distributions.
Bringing innovation back to the core OS.
Combined with the next set of slides that display the market Red Hat want to target:

Desktop
Server
Container
Embedded
Mobile
Cloud
Cluster

Much of the added functionality that the different systemd modules provide has zero benefit in the server industry. It is only added to make desktop systems like GNOME and KDE function like Microsoft Windows.

Fact 6: Red Hat needs other major Linux distributions to cooperate

If Red Hat was ever going to succeed in their long term plans for developing the "Internet's Next Generation OS" they knew they needed to somehow influence the other major Linux distributions. The reason for this is that if a major Linux distribution like Debian was going to reject systemd, Red Hat wouldn't be able to proceed with their plans because too many third party projects simply wouldn't care about how Red Hat would like things to work. This is very important to understand because many open source projects used to develop software with POSIX compatibility in mind. As such they try to make sure that their project compiles and works on several Unix-like operating systems. This is something that isn't in the interests of Red Hats. As long as you have to consider other operating systems such as Solaris, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, etc., Linux is "held back" when compared to functionality in Microsoft Windows. Functionality such as easy mounting and unmounting, simple privilege escalation, etc.

Another problem for Red Hat was that if the other major GNU/Linux distributions had rejected systemd, it would have become much more difficult for them to get systemd relevant changes and code pushed into the kernel. But when the other major distributions also adopted systemd, it became a lot easier.

Consequences

The main problem with systemd is that its continued development is motivated by a company's economic interests and not the open source Linux community interests.

Red Hat cannot be trusted from a security point of view and if the U.S. Military, or some other three letter organization, wants Red Hat to put a backdoor into systemd, then this can easily go unnoticed for many years, just like it did with the Heartbleed bug.

And we have already seen several examples of these kind of exploitable bugs in systemd:

Create a user called '0day', get root privs - not considered a bug!
Remote Code Execution For Two Years
Systemd Bug Lets Attackers Hack Linux Boxes via Malicious DNS Packets
Whether such bugs are introduced into the code on purpose, disguised as honest mistakes, or they truly are real mistakes, is impossible to tell. But one thing is very clear, Red Had do not have the Linux communities best interests at heart, they only have their own financial interests at heart.

Another major problem is the previously mentioned hard coded DNS servers in systemd-resolved.

Lennart Poettering explained that the hard coded values should be there in case of catastrophic failure of configuration files, and a lack of DHCP on the network (the DNS fallback is changeable but requires a recompile). However, that's the "embedded developer" speaking. If a bug is found in the application that makes these DNS servers run even though you have disabled them, or if a race issue bug is found, you could be facing a serious privacy issue. Furthermore running with Cloudflare, Quad9, and Google DNS servers hard coded into the systemd code is deeply problematic as these companies are not only known for violating peoples privacy, but also because NSA has previously infiltrated Googles data centers, something revealed by the Snowden documents. Such settings should never be opt-out (where you have to remember to remove them), they should be opt-in, and definitely not the default options.

The way these issues are dealt with generally, and the extremely arrogant attitude of Lennart Poettering shows a complete disregard for user privacy and for the interests of the open source Linux community.

Final comments

It has surprised me that the initial discussion on the Debian mailing list somehow managed to only address SysVinit, Upstart and systemd. Nobody took a serious look at runit or s6. Not only are these systems much more aligned with the Unix philosophy, but they are also much more secure and easy to understand.

Casper Ti. Vectors post on the Gentoo forum, s6/s6-rc vs systemd, or why you probably do not need systemd, also shows that s6 is a better and in many ways superior solution to systemd.

Many people mistakenly think that each and every systemd component is independent, but that's just not true. Take a look at the code and the documentation and see the tight integration between many of these so-called modules.

Corporate politics, maneuvers and manipulations has no place in the community driven open source projects. And while companies can be allowed to both use open source code, contribute code and also provide financial support from their earnings on these projects, they should never be allowed such massive control as Red Hat and others now have.

Thank God for truly independent community driven projects, because without those we're left with crap like Microsoft Windows. On that note, take a look at:

https://unixsheikh.com/articles/the-...d-systemd.html

Last edited by DracoSentien; 01-09-2023 at 12:32 AM.
 
Old 01-09-2023, 12:27 AM   #2
DracoSentien
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Ok,

So you've found this site and are probably wondering what this is
about. Here's the skinny:

In the beginning, Linux was pretty cool. It was free (always a plus), had a rapid development cycle, a moderately knowledgeable user base, and a funny mascot.

Then the pinheads arrived.

I don't have an issue with Linux so much as the user base it attracts. More and more I'm reading about and experiencing what I like to refer to as the "dumbing down of Linux".

Now you may say, "Well this is to be expected... Hell, look at the Windows user base." Yes that's true, but the Windows user base doesn't claim to be "l337", a "hax0r", or anything of the sort. Linux users do and often.

I hope to to poke fun at, possibly educate, and clean up the Linux user base.

I have these simple beliefs:

1) The root partition should be small... painfully so.

2) /var is not for web servers or their content.

3) The kernel has one job: to keeping the system up, running and stable, not to serve web content - I don't care if it's faster from the kernel.

4) Really understanding IP and the applications built upon it is a requirement before you are "1337"

5.) Systemd is the svchost,exe of linux and mixing that with a unix-like system is philosophically mentally retarded.

6.) I don't care how fast something is, if it comes at the cost of security or stability it's stupid.

7.) *BSD is the way. (Free, Open, or Net - pick one)


Your Fearless Leader,
DracoSentien


Last edited by DracoSentien; 01-09-2023 at 12:29 AM.
 
Old 01-09-2023, 02:42 AM   #3
Turbocapitalist
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It'd not so much as dumbing down and the hard is not being doing by the community itself but by monied interests which merely pose as or, through carelessness, are mistaken for community members. deIcaza, for example, was a microsofter from day one and his goal in life was to work for the Beast in Redmond and, failing that, copy whatever Windows did no matter how far behind it was and, failing that, simply break and render the GUI semi-usable. Poettering played his cards closer to his chest in regards to his employment goals but was quite clear about the damage he intended. The only mystery around his work is why so many technical people, like the Debian project's Technical Committee, or Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical's staff, to name two groups, went along with such an a-hole and his terrible ideas.

FreeBSD is certainly not immune either, but is more organized and structure so the subversion would require a different approach than just throwing random "help" at it. However, rest assured, the microsofters have been gnawing away at FreeBSD too. It's been a few years but you used to be able to spot your average FreeBSD developer at a conference because he/she was the one with the Windows laptop. :/ OpenBSD is a different matter because it is the only one with the extreme focus on quality code and documentation, that's the polar opposite of anyone who has been able to climb their way up in the hierarchy of microsofters. However, individual developers can be bought and with OpenBSD there is only a small number of developers and a smaller, even if less formal, core team.

The bigger problem is that of supply. There are few (perhaps not even one) institutions around Europe any more where students can learn proper CS basics with sound theory and certainly not supplementing that with some programming.

Globally the environment that created the Linux world has changed and then disappeared. It used to be off various interests radars. No more. Now control of any given project has become more important for outsiders than allowing the project to actually produce anything. Take a look at all the shills which clamored for removal of various leaders from their own projects, often using very disruptive, destructive, and aggressive methods.
 
Old 01-09-2023, 06:08 AM   #4
fatmac
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I always keep BSD as my backup for when/if the 'Corporates' finally manage to take over Linux.

First it was OpenBSD, but the last 2 versions don't seem to like my hardware any more, so I am now running NetBSD, & thankfully, they have wifi working almost properly for me now, if a little bit iffy at times, (ver 9.3).

I have never liked the FreeBSD attitude, & found their implementation to always be bigger on disk than Open &/or Net, for the same basic setup; the less on disk, the less to go wrong, or offer a hacker/cracker, when online.

Last edited by fatmac; 01-09-2023 at 06:09 AM.
 
Old 01-09-2023, 09:40 AM   #5
sundialsvcs
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Dissenting opinion:

As Linux broke through into the corporate world, it became clear that it was hard to manage. Especially when you needed to manage perhaps hundreds of servers at a time. You need a consistent and centralized way to be able to do that from one location and console. Unix/Linux, with its "hodgepodge" of various text configuration files, really didn't have that at all. So, this is probably why "systemd" came about, and why companies like Red Hat in particular were really pushing the idea. They were pushing it because they needed it, as did their (largely, corporate) customers. For their needs, there was simply no way to put another band-aid on "init."

One of the key virtues of Microsoft Windows is that you can manage a "farm" of servers centrally. They have a single, central way to store configuration information. They have advanced tools, sold separately, for (mass ...) remote access and updates. (Yes, we are obliged to acknowledge when "the Evil Empire's" technologists design and then implement something very well ... and here, IMHO, they did.)

Last edited by sundialsvcs; 01-09-2023 at 09:46 AM.
 
Old 01-09-2023, 10:47 AM   #6
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Quote:
Originally Posted by sundialsvcs View Post
Dissenting opinion:

As Linux broke through into the corporate world, it became clear that it was hard to manage. Especially when you needed to manage perhaps hundreds of servers at a time.
I'll dissent with your dissent.

GNU/Linux server farms have never been hard to manage. You had SSH plus shell scripts since the 1990s, if you had basic shell scripting competency. Then you quickly ended up with more complex product like rAdmind, Ansible, Puppet, Chef, and other orchestration tools. M$ was, as usual, a day late and a dollar short. Furthermore, with GNU/Linux one generally does not need hundreds of servers as the system is much more capable.

There was a heck of a lot of fighting and arguing about systemd during the initial phases of it being forced down everyone's throats. However, one thing one never heard from its proponents were technical reasons for 1) why it was needed and 2) how it improved anything. All the proponents brought to the game were name calling and appeal to novelty. The real reason for systemd seems to be that IBM took an interest in M$ dream of decommodifying Linux as per the attack outlined in Halloween Documents from 1998. And now, with the acquisition of Lennart, M$ seems to have achieved it's old goal of decommodifying GNU/Linux.
 
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Old 01-09-2023, 12:40 PM   #7
sundialsvcs
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Say what you like, but IMHO I have never regarded the so-called "Halloween Documents" as credible.

This is really not "a war to be won," because no single technology can possibly "win" it. Microsoft and Apple and IBM and Oracle and a great many others have all poured millions of dollars into the financial support of "open source" projects, and all of them have reaped benefits. Linux runs on far more hardware platforms than every other available operating system, and everywhere it runs in more-or-less the same way. In so doing, it fills a gap that could not otherwise be fulfilled in a financially-sustainable way. Virtually every device that we use today – including our cars – relies upon open-source technology and defies the arguments supposedly set forth in these "documents."
 
Old 01-10-2023, 03:09 AM   #8
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Quote:
Originally Posted by sundialsvcs View Post
Say what you like, but IMHO I have never regarded the so-called "Halloween Documents" as credible.
They Halloween Documents are really quite credible: 1) M$ acknowledged their authenticity, 2) M$ actions over the years have closely matched the strategy outlined there.

It is only a war as long as M$ exists. For the sake of argument we'll refer to it as a company, but it does not really behave like one. Anyway, prior to M$ there were a lot of software companies doing business successfully. There was also a good selection of operating systems. M$ pulled some really dirty tricks against IBM, which IBM appears not to have learned from, to eliminate OS/2: they promised to write applications for it to keep IBM from getting applications elsewhere, and then reneged on the contract at the 11th hour to ensure that there were no applications for OS/2. Instead, M$ had used all that time to secretly prepare those applications for Windows NT. BeOS was last closed source operating system which had a chance against M$ and even it could not "peacefully co-exist with Windows". M$ is the problem. Systemd was harnmful enough on its own, and now the most hostile entity in business basically owns it and controls the direction it goes.
 
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Old 01-11-2023, 04:58 PM   #9
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@Turbocapitalist: Perhaps the conditions that you have just described explain why "open source, Linux, and so forth" came to be as a viable and sustainable business proposition. The fundamental problem that was finally recognized, with regards to so-many otherwise worthy operating systems, word processors, and so forth was that they were closed.

The basic problem was simply: finances. The traditional financial model required you to carry the entire burden yourself. That turned out to be too much to bear: "software development is prohibitively expensive." The only viable strategy turned out to be to create "a rising tide lifts all boats," then to differentiate your market offerings above that.

Microsoft continues to be a strong contender – and, rightfully(!) so – because they offer many tightly-integrated software stacks which, by the by, "are damned good!" They earned their millions honestly. And, Microsoft Windows® is the foundation. So be it.

What all of this really has to do with "systemd," I really don't know.

Last edited by sundialsvcs; 01-11-2023 at 05:22 PM.
 
  


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