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The nmap scan must be done from another machine so that it will show what is really visible to the outside. Scanning from the same machine will show localhost among other things. The localhost / loopback address is for all kinds of internal communication among activities on your machine. If set up correctly they are not in any way communicating with the outside. In order to see what actually is on the outside the scan, too, must be done from another machine.
You can check /etc/services on machine to see if anything is registered, but I doubt you will find something. IANA has a list called the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry available in a number of formats. But those are mostly just guidelines, even if people do generally adhere to them closely.
Again, if it is a localhost to localhost connection it is just your system talking to itself so meaningful security scans can only come from a second computer. However, if you are fast enough with netstat you might see the program name though.
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